Purchase Agreement

Incoterms in Purchase Agreements: How to Set Delivery Terms Correctly in B2B Trade

Print A client – the owner of a Czech manufacturing company – ordered technological equipment from Italy. The contract simply stated “transport arranged by the supplier.” Damage during transport led to a six-month dispute over liability. The solution could have been simple: a properly chosen Incoterms clause. This article is part of the Main Purchase […]

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Purchase of Machinery and Equipment Between Businesses: Transfer of Risk During Transport

Print A business ordered a CNC machine from Germany. Price: over €40,000. During transport, the machine tipped over and suffered serious damage. The seller claimed that the risk had passed once it was handed over to the carrier; the buyer insisted that it transferred only upon delivery to his facility. The result? A dispute over

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Purchase Price in Real Estate vs. Reservation Deposits: What’s the Difference and What to Watch Out For

Print When buying a flat, a client showed me a reservation agreement from an estate agency. It stated that the “reservation fee shall be deemed part of the purchase price.” Yet the purchase agreement hadn’t even been signed. If the deal had fallen through, he would have lost €10,000. Although it looked like a formality,

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Reservation Agreement and Deposits: What If Property Defects Appear?

Print A client paid a reservation deposit for a flat that was supposed to be “in excellent condition.” Before signing the purchase agreement, she commissioned a technical inspection – which revealed mold behind a built-in wardrobe and damaged electrical wiring. The seller insisted the deposit would be forfeited if she didn’t proceed with the purchase.

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Handover of Real Estate: Handover Protocol, Fruits and Benefits, Transfer of Risk

Print A client bought a family house. The contract was signed, the price paid, but at handover the radiators were missing and the cellar was full of junk. The seller insisted it was “already the buyer’s problem.” In reality, the moment of handoverand a properly drafted handover protocol determine who bears the risk of damage

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Hidden Defects in Real Estate: Litigation Strategy and Evidence Checklist

Print I once had a client who bought a brand-new flat. After six months, damp patches appeared on the bedroom wall. The seller insisted it was “just poor ventilation” and refused to fix anything. The client hesitated to sue, worried he wouldn’t have enough evidence. In the end, thanks to a solid expert report and

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Hidden Defects in Houses/Flats: 5-Year vs. 2-Year Consumer Period and Burden of Proof

Print You buy a house or flat, move in… and after the first winter, mold appears, cracks show in the walls, or the roof starts leaking. The seller insists that the “warranty is only two years.” But when it comes to real estate, the law says otherwise. The Civil Code distinguishes a 5-year period for

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Land Area Doesn’t Match: When You’re Entitled to a Discount and How to Proceed

Print Imagine buying your dream plot. The contract is signed, the purchase price paid, everything seems fine – until a surveyor discovers that the land is 150 m² smaller than stated in both the contract and the Land Register. Suddenly, you’ve lost part of your garden and hundreds of thousands in value.These cases are not

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